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Coughlan 1969.pdf
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Couillard 1993.pdf
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Couillard et al 1995 Freshwater Bivalve.pdf
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Couillard et al 1995.pdf
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Could climate change capitalism?
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Economist Nicholas Stern’s latest book is a rare and masterly synthesis of climate-change science and economics. His ‘global deal’ could change capitalism for the better, says Robert Costanza.
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Counts et al 1977.pdf
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Counts et al 1991.pdf
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Coupling of CO2 and Ice Sheet Stability Over Major Climate Transitions of the Last 20 Million Years
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During the Middle Miocene, when temperatures were ~3° to 6°C warmer and sea level 25 to 40 meters higher than present, pCO2 was similar to modern levels.
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Coupling of Vegetation Growing Season Anomalies and Fire Activity with Hemispheric and Regional-Scale Climate Patterns in Central and East Siberia
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An 18-yr time series of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR) taken in by
the green parts of vegetation data from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) instrument series was analyzed for interannual variations in the start, peak, end, and length of
the season of vegetation photosynthetic activity in central and east Siberia. Variations in these indicators of
seasonality can give important information on interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere. A
second-order local moving window regression model called the “camelback method” was developed to
determine the dates of phenological events at subcontinental scale. The algorithm was validated by comparing
the estimated dates to phenological field observations. Using spatial correlations with temperature
and precipitation data and climatic oscillation indices, two geographically distinct mechanisms in the system
of climatic controls of the biosphere in Siberia are postulated: central Siberia is controlled by an “Arctic
Oscillation–temperature mechanism,” while east Siberia is controlled by an “El Niño–precipitation mechanism.”
While the analysis of data from 1982 to 1991 indicates a slight increase in the length of the growing
season for some land-cover types due to an earlier beginning of the growing season, the overall trend from
1982 to 1999 is toward a slightly shorter season for some land-cover types caused by an earlier end of season.
The Arctic Oscillation tended toward a more positive phase in the 1980s leading to enhanced high pressure
system prevalence but toward a less positive phase in the 1990s. The results suggest that the two mechanisms
also control the fire regimes in central and east Siberia. Several extreme fire years in central Siberia were
associated with a highly positive Arctic Oscillation phase, while several years with high fire damage in east
Siberia occurred in El Niño years. An analysis of remote sensing data of forest fire partially supports this
hypothesis
VOLUME 20
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Coupling snowpack and groundwater dynamics to interpret historical streamflow trends in the western United States
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A key challenge for resource and land managers is predicting the consequences of climate warming on streamflow and water resources. During the last century in the western United States, significant reductions in snowpack and earlier snowmelt have led to an increase in the fraction of annual streamflow during winter and a decline in the summer. Previous work has identified elevation as it relates to snowpack dynamics as the primary control on streamflow sensitivity to warming. But along with changes in the timing of snowpack accumulation and melt, summer streamflows are also sensitive to intrinsic, geologically mediated differences in the efficiency of landscapes in transforming recharge (either as rain or snow) into discharge; we term this latter factor drainage efficiency. Here we explore the conjunction of drainage efficiency and snowpack dynamics in interpreting retrospective trends in summer streamflow during 1950–2010 using daily streamflow from 81 watersheds across the western United States. The recession constant (k) and fraction of precipitation falling as snow (Sf) were used as metrics of deep groundwater and overall precipitation regime (rain and/or snow), respectively. This conjunctive analysis indicates that summer streamflows in watersheds that drain slowly from deep groundwater and receive precipitation as snow are most sensitive to climate warming. During the spring, however, watersheds that drain rapidly and receive precipitation as snow are most sensitive to climate warming. Our results indicate that not all trends in western United States are associated with changes in snowpack dynamics; we observe declining streamflow in late fall and winter in rain-dominated watersheds as well. These empirical findings support both theory and hydrologic modelling and have implications for how streamflow sensitivity to warming is interpreted across broad regions.
KEY WORDS streamflow trend; hydrologic processes; groundwater processes; climate; warming
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