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Improving the Utility of Artificial Shelters for Monitoring Eastern Hellbender Salamanders (Cryptobranchus alleganienses alleganiensis)
Artificial shelters show great promise as novel, non-invasive tools for studying hellbenders, but their use thus far has faced several challenges. During initial trials in multiple river networks, artificial shelters routinely became blocked by sediment and dislodged during high stream discharge events, and were rarely used by hellbenders. We sought to determine whether these complications could be overcome via alternative shelter design, placement, and maintenance. Between 2013 and 2018, we deployed 438 artificial shelters of two different designs across ten stream reaches and three rivers in the upper Tennessee River Basin. We assessed evidence for several hypotheses, postulating broadly that the availability, stability, and use of artificial shelters by hellbenders would depend on how shelters were constructed, deployed, and/or maintained. We found that maintaining shelters at least once every 40 days limited sediment blockage, and building ~ 40 kg shelters with 3-4 cm thick walls and recessed lids improved their stability during high discharge events. Additionally, we found that hellbenders most frequently occupied and nested in artificial shelters when they were deployed in deeper (~50+ cm) portions of reaches with high adult hellbender densities. Our results suggest that artificial shelters can serve as effective tools for studying hellbenders when designed, deployed, and maintained with these advancements, but also highlight some limitations of their use.
Learn All About Hellbenders and Take a Tour
Do you know what a hellbender is or where they can be found? This live session will answer those questions for you, show you what they look like by taking you on a virtual tour, share where they live, what they like to eat and who their predators are.
10,000th Hellbender Released Into the Wild
HELLBENDER HISTORY -- the 10,000th hellbender was recently released into an Ozark river in an effort to support a declining population for the endangered species. The Saint Louis Zoo, MDC and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have partnered together for nearly 20 years during this effort. Learn more in this short video.
The Last Dragons - Protecting Appalachia's Hellbenders
An intimate glimpse at North America's Eastern Hellbender, an ancient salamander that lives as much in myth as in reality.... and in many waters, myths are all that remain of these sentinel stream-dwellers. Video by Freshwaters Illustrated.
American Black Duck Decision Support Tool
The Atlantic Coast Joint Venture Black Duck Decision Support Tool (DST) helps to identify the exact number of acres to protect, restore or maintain at the small watershed scale. Through this tool, land managers can determine the best way to contribute to achieving black duck goals anywhere on the landscape.
American Black Duck Image
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Virginia 644: Wetland Wildlife Habitat Management
This practice is supplemented with other wetland standards to provide financial assistance in the management of a wetland for wildlife habitat.
Maryland 644: Wetland Wildlife Habitat Management
This practice is supplemented with other wetland standards to provide financial assistance in the management of a wetland for wildlife habitat.
Maryland 315: Herbaceous Weed Treatment
This standard allows for the removal or control of herbaceous weeds including invasive, noxious, and prohibited plants. This practice is applicable for areas that have excessive Phragmites australis growth allowing for removal and management of these areas to let native plants to reestablish.
Maryland 327: Conservation Cover
This standard is utilized for establishing vegetative cover to enhance wildlife habitat.
Maryland 658: Wetland Creation
This practice is utilized when building a wetland in an area that was not historically a wetland. If a site has non-hydric soils, this practice is used in the creation of wetland features including shallow water wetlands for waterfowl.
Maryland 646: Shallow Water Development and Management
This practice is supplemented in the creation of a shallow water area for waterfowl.
Maryland 645: Upland Wildlife Habitat Management
This practice consists of the management of food, cover, and shelter for wildlife which can be utilized for waterfowl nesting habitat.
Delaware 646: Shallow Water Development and Mangement
This practice is supplemented in the creation of a shallow water impoundment for waterfowl.
Delaware 645: Upland Wildlife Habitat Management
This practice consists of the management of food, cover, and shelter for wildlife which can be utilized for waterfowl nesting habitat.
Delaware 327: Conservation Cover
This standard is utilized for establishing vegetative cover to enhance wildlife habitat.
Delaware 315: Herbaceous Weed Treatment
This standard allows for the removal or control of herbaceous weeds including invasive, noxious, and prohibited plants. This practice is applicable for areas that have excessive Phragmites australis growth allowing for removal and management of these areas to let native plants to reestablish.
Delaware 314: Brush Management
This standard allows for the removal and management of woody plants including invasive and noxious plants. Using this standard will allow landowners with existing degraded wetlands or waterfowl impoundments to clean up the area and return it to early successional vegetation.
Delaware 657: Wetland Restoration
This standard consists of returning a wetland and its functions to a close representation of its original condition prior to being disturbed. It applies for areas with hydric soils that have been converted to non-wetland by filling, draining, or other hydrology changes.
Delaware 587: Structure for Water Control
This standard allows for the installation of a water control structure to provide the manipulation of water levels. The ability to control water levels in a shallow water waterfowl impoundment can allow for proper moist soil management techniques.